{"id":631,"date":"2026-08-15T15:51:27","date_gmt":"2026-08-15T19:51:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bibleacademy.africa\/?page_id=631"},"modified":"2026-08-15T23:40:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-16T03:40:00","slug":"african-history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bibleacademy.africa\/?page_id=631","title":{"rendered":"African History"},"content":{"rendered":"
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South Africa KAF<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kingkongphoto Laurel<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

His Excellency Nelson Mandela<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela <\/strong>(18 July 1918 \u2013 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary<\/mark>, politician, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Apartheid, especially South African English transl.\u2009”separateness”, was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to 1994. It was characterized by an authoritarian political culture based on boss-ship or boss-hood, which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically, socially, and economically by the nation’s minority white population. Under this minoritarian system, white citizens held the highest status, followed by Indians, Coloureds and black Africans, in that order. The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to persist to the present day, particularly inequality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PHOTOS FROM EMMI MEDIATECH:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apartheid 1976<\/mark><\/strong>-1977<\/strong><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Click on image for bigger picture<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\nngg_shortcode_0_placeholder\n\n\n\n

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Flyer for the Steve Biko Memorial at the Carver Cultural Center, on February 10, 1978, featuring performances, speakers, and a film. There is a black-and-white photo of Biko with the details of the event underneath.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bantu Stephen Biko OMSG (18 December 1946 \u2013 12 September 1977) was a South African anti-apartheid activist. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialist, he was at the forefront of a grassroots anti-apartheid campaign known as the Black Consciousness Movement during the late 1960s and 1970s. His ideas were articulated in a series of articles published under the pseudonym Frank Talk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raised in a poor Xhosa family, Biko grew up in the township of Ginsberg in the Eastern Cape. In 1966, he began studying medicine at the University of Natal, where he joined the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). Strongly opposed to the apartheid system of racial segregation and white-minority rule in South Africa, Biko was frustrated that NUSAS and other anti-apartheid groups were dominated by white liberals, rather than by the blacks who were most affected by apartheid. He believed that well-intentioned white liberals failed to comprehend the black experience and often acted in a paternalistic manner. He developed the view that, to avoid white domination, black people had to organize independently, and, to this end, he became a leading figure in the creation of the South African Students’ Organization (SASO) in 1968. Membership was open only to “Blacks”, a term that Biko used in reference not just to Bantu-speaking Africans but also to Coloureds and Indians. He was careful to keep his movement independent of white liberals, but opposed anti-white hatred and had white friends. The white-minority National Party government were initially supportive, seeing SASO’s creation as a victory for apartheid’s ethos of racial separatism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Influenced by the Martinican philosopher Frantz Fanon, Biko and his compatriots developed Black Consciousness as SASO’s official ideology. The movement campaigned for an end to apartheid and the transition of South Africa toward universal suffrage and a socialist economy. It organized Black Community Programmes (BCPs) and focused on the psychological empowerment of black people. Biko believed that black people needed to rid themselves of any sense of racial inferiority, an idea he expressed by popularizing the slogan “black is beautiful”. In 1972, he helped found the Black People’s Convention (BPC) to promote Black Consciousness among the wider population. The government came to see Biko as a subversive threat and placed him under a banning order in 1973, severely restricting his activities. He remained politically active, helping to organize BCPs, such as a healthcare centre and a cr\u00e8che, in the Ginsberg area. During his ban, he received repeated anonymous threats and was detained by state security services on several occasions. Following his arrest in August 1977, Biko was beaten to death by state security officers. Over 20,000 people attended his funeral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biko’s fame spread posthumously. He became the subject of numerous songs and works of art, while a 1978 biography by his friend Donald Woods formed the basis for the 1987 film Cry Freedom. During Biko’s life, the government alleged that he hated whites, various anti-apartheid activists accused him of sexism, and African racial nationalists criticized his united front with Coloureds and Indians. Nonetheless, Biko became one of the earliest icons of the movement against apartheid, and is regarded as a political martyr and the “Father of Black Consciousness”. His political legacy remains a matter of contention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arrest and death<\/strong>
In 1977, Biko broke his banning order by travelling to Cape Town, hoping to meet Unity Movement leader Neville Alexander and address growing dissent in the Western Cape branch of the BCM, which was dominated by Marxists such as Johnny Issel. Biko drove to the city with his friend Peter Jones on 17 August, but Alexander refused to meet with Biko, fearing that the police were monitoring him. Biko and Jones drove back toward King William’s Town, but on 18 August they were stopped at a police roadblock near Grahamstown. Biko was arrested for having violated the order restricting him to King William’s Town. Unsubstantiated claims have been made that the security services were aware of Biko’s trip to Cape Town and that the roadblock had been erected to catch him. Jones was also arrested at the roadblock and subsequently held without trial for 533 days, during which he was interrogated on numerous occasions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The security services took Biko to the Walmer police station in Port Elizabeth, where he was held naked in a cell with his legs in shackles. On 6 September, he was transferred from Walmer to room 619 of the security police headquarters in the Sanlam Building in central Port Elizabeth, where he was interrogated for 22 hours, handcuffed and in shackles, and chained to a grille. Exactly what happened has never been ascertained, but during the interrogation he was severely beaten by at least one of the ten security police officers. He suffered three brain lesions that resulted in a massive brain hemorrhage on 6 September. Following this incident, Biko’s captors forced him to remain standing and shackled to the wall. The police later said that Biko had attacked one of them with a chair, forcing them to subdue him and place him in handcuffs and leg irons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biko was examined by a doctor, Ivor Lang, who stated that there was no evidence of injury on Biko. Later scholarship has suggested Biko’s injuries must have been obvious. He was then examined by two other doctors who, after a test showed blood cells to have entered Biko’s spinal fluid, agreed that he should be transported to a prison hospital in Pretoria. On 11 September, police loaded him into the back of a Land Rover, naked and manacled, and drove him 740 miles (1,190 km) to the hospital. There, Biko died alone in a cell on 12 September 1977. According to an autopsy, an “extensive brain injury” had caused “centralisation of the blood circulation to such an extent that there had been intravasal blood coagulation, acute kidney failure, and uremia”. He was the twenty-first person to die in a South African prison in twelve months, and the forty-sixth political detainee to die during interrogation since the government introduced laws permitting imprisonment without trial in 1963.<\/p>\n\n\n

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South African Donald Woods at Schiphol regarding the Dutch translation of his book about Steve Biko. Date: July 3, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Socrammm<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Stephen Bantu Biko, dit Steve Biko, n\u00e9 le 18 d\u00e9cembre 1946 et mort le 12 septembre 1977, est un militant noir sud-africain et une des figures de la lutte anti-apartheid. Il meurt en d\u00e9tention en 1977 \u00e0 l’\u00e2ge de 30 ans, vraisemblablement tu\u00e9 par des policiers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 12 septembre 1977, Biko meurt en d\u00e9tention, officiellement apr\u00e8s s\u2019\u00eatre cogn\u00e9 la t\u00eate contre un mur, mais en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 tortur\u00e9 par la police. Le pr\u00eache lors de ses fun\u00e9railles est assur\u00e9 par Desmond Tutu, futur prix Nobel de la paix, alors proche de la Black theology (th\u00e9ologie noire).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les conditions de d\u00e9tention, ainsi que le d\u00e9c\u00e8s brutal de Biko, font l’objet d’une pol\u00e9mique internationale qui aboutit sur la condamnation du r\u00e9gime sud-africain. \u00c0 l’ONU, le Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 vote, coup sur coup, les r\u00e9solutions 417 (31 octobre 1977) et 418 (4 novembre 1977), cette derni\u00e8re imposant un embargo sur les ventes d’armes \u00e0 destination de l’Afrique du Sud. Apr\u00e8s son d\u00e9c\u00e8s, Biko devient le symbole de la r\u00e9sistance noire face \u00e0 la cruaut\u00e9 du pouvoir en place .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aux questions de la d\u00e9put\u00e9e lib\u00e9rale Helen Suzman sur la mort de Biko, la r\u00e9ponse du ministre de la Justice, Jimmy Kruger, retentit \u00e0 travers le monde entier : \u00ab La mort de Steve Biko me laisse froid. \u00bb. Les policiers concern\u00e9s ne re\u00e7oivent qu’un bl\u00e2me dans un premier temps, alors que les m\u00e9decins impliqu\u00e9s sont pris \u00e0 partie par leurs coll\u00e8gues, notamment par une enqu\u00eate d’\u00e9thique m\u00e9dicale men\u00e9e par Frances Ames, qui s’ach\u00e8vera en 1985, ann\u00e9e o\u00f9 la Cour supr\u00eame d’Afrique du Sud statue en faveur de sanctions contre les chirurgiens. La police finit par avouer le meurtre de Steve Biko \u00e0 la Commission de v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et r\u00e9conciliation \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 7 octobre 2003, soit pr\u00e8s de dix ans apr\u00e8s l’av\u00e8nement d’un r\u00e9gime multiracial en Afrique du Sud, la justice sud-africaine renonce \u00e0 poursuivre les cinq policiers pour manque de preuves et d’absence de t\u00e9moins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le 12 septembre 2025, la justice sud-africaine rouvre l’enqu\u00eate sur sa mort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steve_Biko<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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In United Nations Security Council Resolution 417,<\/strong> adopted on October 31, 1977, after reaffirming Resolution 392 (1976), the Council condemned the continuing repression against black people and other opponents of apartheid, as well as the South African media and the mounting deaths of detainees. The Council foresaw that the continuation of such activities would lead to serious racial conflict with international repercussions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The resolution demanded therefore that the Government of South Africa:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n